Fig. 9

Effect on the NF-κB signaling pathway after activation or inhibition of AMPK expression. a Representative WB results and comparison of NF-κB p65 and p-NF-κB p65 in TNC region of mice in each group (n = 5). b Representative images of IF co-localization staining of NF-κB (red) with Iba1 (green) and DAP1 (blue) (upper row scale bar = 50 μm, the next three rows scale bar = 2 μm). All data are presented as the mean ± SEM, and significance was assessed by one-way ANOVA with Dunnett’s post hoc test or Kruskal–Wallis H test with Mann–Whitney U post hoc comparison (*P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001)