Fig. 8

Effect on microglia after activation or inhibition of AMPK expression. a, b Representative WB results and comparison of Iba1, Arg1, and inducible NO synthase (iNOS) expression in the TNC region of mice in each group (n = 5). c, d Representative images of double IF labeling Iba1 (green) with Arg1 (red) and iNOS (red) (upper row scale bar = 50 μm, the next three rows scale bar = 20 μm). All data are presented as the mean ± SEM, and significance was assessed using one-way ANOVA with Dunnett’s post hoc test or Kruskal–Wallis H test with Mann–Whitney U post hoc comparison (*P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001)