Fig. 6

Validation of AMPK expression and CGRP and cytokine responses after activation or inhibition of AMPK. a, b Representative WB results and comparison of AMPK, PAMPK, and CGRP levels in the TNC region of mice in each group (n = 5). c, d Representative images of AMPK immunoreactive staining (scale bar = 100 μm) and comparison of the mean CGRP fluorescence intensity in each group (n = 6). e Comparison of the levels of IL-1β, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, TNF-α, IFN-γ, and GM-CSF in the serum and TNC tissues of mice (n = 4). All data are presented as the mean ± SEM, and significance was assessed by one-way ANOVA with Dunnett’s post hoc test or Kruskal–Wallis H test with Mann–Whitney U post hoc comparison (*P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001)