Fig. 5

Behavioral results after AMPK intervention. a Comparison of basal and post-treatment mechanical pain thresholds of the periorbital region and the hindpaw plantar area in different groups (NTG + AICAR 250 μg/g, NTG + Compound C 10 μg/g, NTG + DMSO, and NS + DMSO, n = 9). Significance was assessed by two-way repeated-measures ANOVA with post hoc comparison between groups. (*P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001 compared between NTG + AICAR and NTG + DMSO groups, ###P < 0.001 compared between NTG + DMSO and NS + DMSO groups, ^P < 0.05, ns: not significant compared between NTG + DMSO and NTG + Compound C). b Representative trajectory of each group on days 1 and 9. c, d Comparison of travel distance, time, speed, total grooming time, number of head scratches, and cage climbing in each group. Significance was assessed using one-way ANOVA with Dunnett’s post-hoc test or Kruskal–Wallis H test with Mann–Whitney U post hoc comparison (*P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, compared to NTG + AICAR group, n = 8). All data are presented as the mean ± SEM