Fig. 3

Changes in AMPK activity with an increase in frequency of NTG injection. a, b Representative images of AMPK immunoreactive staining in the TNC of NTGx1, NTGx3, CM, and VEH groups (upper row scale bar = 100 μm, lower row scale bar = 50 μm). The mean AMPK fluorescence intensity was compared between the groups (n = 6). c, d Representative WB results for AMPK and PAMPK in each group (n = 5). All data are presented as the mean ± SEM, and significance was assessed by one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) with Dunnett’s post hoc test or the Kruskal–Wallis H test with Mann–Whitney U post hoc comparison (*P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001)