Table 3 Sex differences in clinical presentations of MOH

Age

43.0 ± 13.1

40.5 ± 13.4

0.030

Age at migraine onset (years)

20.7 ± 10.0

21.0 ± 10.2

0.685

Duration of CM (months)

93.2 ± 112.4

91.5 ± 103.0

0.432

Age at CM onset (years)

35.8 ± 13.8

33.3 ± 12.7

0.041

Time from migraine onset to CM onset (years)

15.4 ± 11.5

12.9 ± 11.1

0.008

Average headache severity (/10)

7.2 ± 1.9

6.7 ± 1.9

0.005

Monthly headache days

23.7 ± 6.7

23.2 ± 6.7

0.318

Monthly analgesic use (days/month)

19.7 ± 7.8

19.6 ± 7.7

0.962

Acute medication overused (non-exclusive)^a

 Acetaminophen

65.9%

65.4%

0.900

 NSAIDs

60.3%

49.7%

0.015

 Ergots

19.5%

20.1%

0.866

 Triptans

13.0%

13.8%

0.772

 Cold syrups

7.8%

13.2%

0.032

 Tramadol

6.1%

11.3%

0.022

Hypnotic use ≥ 3 days/week

42.2%

33.5%

0.048

Tobacco use

13.7%

31.0%

< 0.001

Alcohol use

27.1%

44.7%

< 0.001

Caffeine use

65.7%

66.2%

0.902

Headache characteristics

 Pulsatile

72.8%

68.6%

0.285

 Unilateral

72.3%

74.8%

0.526

 Aggravation by physical activities

88.8%

84.3%

0.115

 Nausea

89.5%

81.1%

0.004

 Vomiting

49.4%

37.7%

0.008

 Photophobia

55.2%

48.4%

0.128

 Phonophobia

83.9%

77.4%

0.051

HIT-6

65.1 ± 8.0

63.4 ± 8.3

0.009

HADS-A

9.7 ± 4.5

8.9 ± 4.7

0.062

HADS-D

8.0 ± 4.7

8.4 ± 4.5

0.391

PSQI

12.2 ± 4.3

10.9 ± 4.4

0.001

LDQ

12.7 ± 7.7

13.2 ± 8.2

0.460

SDS

7.0 ± 3.9

6.5 ± 4.0

0.503