Table 1 Participants’ demographics and clinical characteristics
|  | Healthy Controls (n = 37) | NDPH (n = 29) | p-value |
|---|---|---|---|
Age, years | 34.89 ± 10.96 | 37.00 ± 21.06 | 0.627 |
Sex (male/female) | 16/21 (43.24/56.76%) | 15/14 (51.72/48.28%) | 0.497 |
BMI (kg/m2) | 22.44 ± 3.04 | 24.08 ± 4.06 | 0.077 |
Right-handers, n (%) | 37 (100%) | 29 (100%) |  > 0.999 |
Headache laterality, n (%) | |||
 Unilateral | NA | 4 (13.79%) | NA |
 Bilateral | NA | 25 (86.21%) | NA |
Location of headache, n (%) | |||
 Frontal region | NA | 12 (41.38%) | NA |
 Temporal region | NA | 14 (48.28%) | NA |
 Parietal region | NA | 15 (51.72%) | NA |
 Occipital region | NA | 11 (37.93%) | NA |
 Periorbital region | NA | 1 (3.45%) | NA |
Nausea, vomiting, n (%) | NA | 4 (13.79%) | NA |
Photophobia, n (%) | NA | 11 (37.93%) | NA |
Phonophobia, n (%) | NA | 15 (51.72%) | NA |
Age at onset, years | NA | 17.00 (13.00, 42.00) | NA |
Disease duration, years | NA | 3.00 (1.00, 14.00) | NA |
VAS score (0–10) | NA | 4.00 (3.00, 7.00) | NA |
HIT-6 score (36–78) | NA | 64.64 ± 10.94 | NA |
PHQ-9 score (0–27) | NA | 9.92 ± 6.78 | NA |
GAD-7 score (0–21) | NA | 6.89 ± 5.17 | NA |
PSQI score (0–21) | NA | 10.20 ± 5.03 | NA |
MoCA score (0–30) | NA | 24.67 ± 4.64 | NA |