Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on migraine in Japan: a multicentre cross-sectional study

Table 4 Stepwise linear regression analysis of changes in the total MIDAS score before and during the COVID-19 pandemic (n = 603)

Variables	Standardized regression coefficient	SE	P value	95 % CI
Sleep	2.915	1.033	0.005	0.886 to 4.493
Acute medication use	5.163	1.691	0.002	1.843 to 8.484
Stress	5.422	1.675	0.001	2.132 to 8.712
Medication shortage	11.075	3.653	0.003	3.900 to 18.249
Comorbidities	4.125	1.887	0.029	0.420 to 7.830
Presence of aura	-4.937	2.216	0.026	-9.289 to -0.586
New-onset headache	6.056	2.724	0.027	0.706 to 11.406

The differences in the total MIDAS score were calculated by subtracting the pre-pandemic score from the score during the COVID-19 pandemic. Independent variables included age, sex, smoking, caffeine consumption, alcohol consumption, migraine with or without aura, chronic migraine, nausea, photophobia, phonophobia, osmophobia, allodynia, occupation type, use of personal protective equipment, impact of COVID-19 on daily life, interest in COVID-19, concerns about COVID-19, new-onset headache, comorbidities, changes in stress, mood, sleep quality, physical activity, acute or preventive medication use, problems with hospital access, medication shortage, online medical care and evaluation period after the end of the state of emergency

ISSN: 1129-2377